Bài 62 trang 33 SGK Toán 9 tập 1

Đề bài

Rút gọn các biểu thức sau:

a) \(\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{48}-2\sqrt{75}-\dfrac{\sqrt{33}}{\sqrt{11}}+5\sqrt{1\dfrac{1}{3}}\);

b) \(\sqrt{150}+\sqrt{1,6}. \sqrt{60}+4,5.\sqrt{2\dfrac{2}{3}}-\sqrt{6};\)

c) \((\sqrt{28}-2\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{7})\sqrt{7}+\sqrt{48};\)

d) \((\sqrt{6}+\sqrt{5})^{2}-\sqrt{120}.\)

Hướng dẫn giải

+ Cách đổi hỗn số ra phân số: \(a\dfrac{b}{c}=\dfrac{a.c+ b}{c}\).

+ Hằng đẳng thức số 1: \((a+b)^2=a^2+2ab+b^2\).

+  Sử dụng quy tắc đưa thừa số ra ngoài dấu căn: 

           \(\sqrt{A^2.B}=A\sqrt{B}\),  nếu \(A \ge 0,\ B \ge 0\).

           \(\sqrt{A^2.B}=-A\sqrt{B}\),  nếu \(A < 0,\ B \ge 0\).

+ \(\sqrt{\dfrac{a}{b}}=\dfrac{\sqrt a}{\sqrt b}\),   với \(a \ge 0,\ b > 0\).

+ \(\sqrt a .\sqrt b =\sqrt{ab}\),  với \(a, \ b \ge 0\).

+ \(\dfrac{A}{\sqrt B}=\dfrac{A\sqrt B}{B}\),   với \( B > 0\).

Lời giải chi tiết

a) Ta có:

\(\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{48}-2\sqrt{75}-\dfrac{\sqrt{33}}{\sqrt{11}}+5\sqrt{1\dfrac{1}{3}}\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{16. 3}-2\sqrt{25. 3}-\dfrac{\sqrt{3.11}}{\sqrt{11}}+5\sqrt{\dfrac{1.3+1}{3}}\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\sqrt{4^2. 3}-2\sqrt{5^2. 3}-\dfrac{\sqrt 3.\sqrt{11}}{\sqrt{11}}+5\sqrt{\dfrac{4}{3}}\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{2}.4\sqrt{ 3}-2.5\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{3}+5\dfrac{\sqrt 4}{\sqrt 3}\)

\(=\dfrac{4}{2}\sqrt{ 3}-10\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{3}+5\dfrac{\sqrt{4}.\sqrt 3}{\sqrt{3}.\sqrt {3}}\) 

\(=2\sqrt{ 3}-10\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{3}+5\dfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}\) 

\(=2\sqrt{ 3}-10\sqrt{3}-\sqrt{3}+10\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}\) 

\(= \left( {2 - 10 - 1 + \dfrac{10}{3} }\right)\sqrt 3 \)

\(=-\dfrac{17}{3}\).

b) Ta có:

 \(\sqrt{150}+\sqrt{1,6}. \sqrt{60}+4,5. \sqrt{2\dfrac{2}{3}}-\sqrt{6}\)

\(=\sqrt{25. 6}+\sqrt{1,6. 60}+4,5.\sqrt{\dfrac{2.3+2}{3}}-\sqrt{6}\)

\(=\sqrt{5^2. 6}+\sqrt{1,6. (6.10)}+4,5\sqrt{\dfrac{8}{3}}-\sqrt{6}\)

\(=5\sqrt{ 6}+\sqrt{(1,6. 10).6}+4,5\dfrac{\sqrt 8}{\sqrt 3}-\sqrt{6}\)

\(=5\sqrt{ 6}+\sqrt{16.6}+4,5\dfrac{\sqrt 8 . \sqrt 3}{ 3}-\sqrt{6}\)

\(=5\sqrt{ 6}+\sqrt{4^2.6}+4,5\dfrac{\sqrt {8 .3}}{ 3}-\sqrt{6}\)

\(= 5\sqrt{6}+4\sqrt{ 6}+4,5. \dfrac{\sqrt{4.2. 3}}{3}-\sqrt{6}\)

\(=5\sqrt{6}+4\sqrt{6}+4,5. \dfrac{\sqrt{2^2.6}}{3}-\sqrt{6}\)

\(=5\sqrt{6}+4\sqrt{6}+4,5. 2\dfrac{\sqrt{6}}{3}-\sqrt{6}\)

\(=5\sqrt{6}+4\sqrt{6}+9\dfrac{\sqrt{6}}{3}-\sqrt{6}\)

\(=5\sqrt{6}+4\sqrt{6}+3\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{6}\)

\(=(5+4+3-1)\sqrt{6}=11\sqrt{6}.\)

Cách 2: Ta biến đổi từng hạng tử rồi thay vào biểu thức ban đầu:

+ \(\sqrt{150}=\sqrt{25.6}=5\sqrt 6\)

+ \(\sqrt{1,6.60}=\sqrt{1,6.(10.6)}=\sqrt{(1,6.10).6}=\sqrt{16.6}\)

\(=4\sqrt 6\)

+ \(4,5.\sqrt{2\dfrac{2}{3}}=4,5.\sqrt{\dfrac{2.3+2}{3}}=4,5.\sqrt{\dfrac{8}{3}}=4,5\dfrac{8.3}{3}\)

                     \(=4,5.\dfrac{\sqrt{4.2.3}}{3}=4,5.\dfrac{2.\sqrt 6}{3}=9.\dfrac{\sqrt 6}{3}=3\sqrt 6\).

Do đó:

 \(\sqrt{150}+\sqrt{1,6}. \sqrt{60}+4,5. \sqrt{2\dfrac{2}{3}}-\sqrt{6}\)

\(=5\sqrt 6+4\sqrt 6+3\sqrt 6 - \sqrt 6\)

\(=(5+4+3-1)\sqrt 6=11\sqrt{11}\)

c) Ta có:

 \(=(\sqrt{28}-2\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{7})\sqrt{7}+\sqrt{84}\)

\(=(\sqrt{4.7}-2\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{7})\sqrt{7}+\sqrt{4.21}\)

\(=(\sqrt{2^2.7}-2\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{7})\sqrt{7}+\sqrt{2^2.21}\)

\(=(2\sqrt{7}-2\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{7})\sqrt{7}+2\sqrt{21}\)

\(= 2\sqrt{7}.\sqrt{7}-2\sqrt{3}.\sqrt{7}+\sqrt{7}.\sqrt{7}+2\sqrt{21}\)

\(=2.(\sqrt{7})^2-2\sqrt{3.7}+(\sqrt{7})^2+2\sqrt{21}\)

\(=2.7-2\sqrt{21}+7+2\sqrt{21}\)

\(=14-2\sqrt{21}+7+2\sqrt{21}\)

\(=14+7=21\).

d) Ta có:

\((\sqrt{6}+\sqrt{5})^{2}-\sqrt{120}\)

\(=(\sqrt 6)^2+2.\sqrt 6 .\sqrt 5+(\sqrt 5)^2-\sqrt{4.30}\)

\(=6+2\sqrt{6.5}+5-2\sqrt{30}\)

\(=6+2\sqrt{30}+5-2\sqrt{30}=6+5=11\).