`1.` haven't seen

`-` yet `-` HTHT

`2.` has called

`-` recently `-` HTHT

`3.` has already read

`-` already `-` HTHT

`4.` haven't begun

`-` yet `-` HTHT

`5.` met

`-` yesterday `-` QKĐ

`6.` has been

`7.` has taken

`8.` did `-` give up

`9.` Have you cleaned

`10.` collected

`11.` moved

`-` in 2005 `-` QKĐ

`12.` have been

`-` so far `-` HTHT

`______________________`

`***` QKĐ:

`+` Tobe:
`(+)` S + was/were + N/adj

`(-)` S + was/were + not + N/adj

`(?)` Was/were + S + N/adj?

`*` I/ he / she / it / DTSI + was

`*` you / we / they / DTSN + were

`+` Verb:
`(+)` S + V2/ed + O
`(-)` S  + didn't +  V_inf + O

`(?)` Did + S +  V_inf + O?
`-` DHNB: last + week/month/... , yesterday, ago , ...

`***` HTHT: 

`(+)` S + has/have + V3/ed + O

`(-)` S + has/have + not + V3/ed + O

`(?)` Has/Have + S + V3/ed + O?

`1` haven't seen (HTHT: yet)

`2` has called (HTHT: recently)

`3` has already read (HTHT: already)

`4` haven't begun (HTHT: yet)

`5` met (QKĐ: yesterday)

`6` has been (HTHT: several times)

`7` has taken

`8` did `-` give up

`9` Have you washed

`10` collect (QKĐ: when he was a child)

`11` moved (QKĐ: in `2005`)

`12` have been (HTHT: so far)

`-----`

`***` Quá khứ đơn

`(+)` S + V2/ed

`(-)` S + didn't + V

`(?)` (Wh) + Did + S + V?

`->` Diễn tả hành động đã bắt đầu và kết thúc ở quá khứ, không còn liên quan đến hiện tại.

`***` Hiện tại hoàn thành

`(+)` S + have/has + V3/ed

`(-)` S + have/has + not + V3/ed

`(?)` (Wh) + Have/Has + S + V3/ed?

`->` Diễn tả hành động đã bắt đầu ở quá khứ và vẫn còn tiếp diễn ở hiện tại.