search"Picasso" redirects here. For other uses, see Picasso (disambiguation).In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Ruiz and the second or maternal family name is Picasso.Pablo PicassoPicasso in 1908BornPablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso^[1]
25 October 1881
Málaga, SpainDied8 April 1973 (aged 91)
Mougins, FranceResting placeChâteau of Vauvenargues
43.554142°N 5.604438°ENationalitySpanishEducation

• José Ruiz y Blasco (father)
• Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando

Known forPainting, drawing, sculpture, printmaking, ceramics, stage design, writingNotable work

• La Vie (1903)
• Family of Saltimbanques (1905)
• Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907)
• Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (1910)
• Girl before a Mirror (1932)
• Le Rêve (1932)
• Guernica (1937)
• The Weeping Woman (1937)
• Massacre in Korea (1951)

MovementCubism, SurrealismSpouse(s)Olga Khokhlova​​(m. 1918; died 1955)​Jacqueline Roque ​(m. 1961)​Partner(s)

• Marie-Thérèse Walter (1927–1935)
• Dora Maar (1935–1943)
• Françoise Gilot (1943–1953)

Children

• Paulo Picasso (1921-1975)
• Maya Widmaier-Picasso (b.1935)
• Claude Picasso (b.1947)
• Paloma Picasso (b.1949)

Family

• Marina Picasso (b.1950, granddaughter)
• Bernard Ruiz-Picasso (b.1959, grandson)

Patron(s)Sergei ShchukinSignature

Pablo Ruiz Picasso^[a][b] (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and theatre designer who spent most of his adult life in France. Regarded as one of the most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture,^[8][9] the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), and Guernica (1937), a dramatic portrayal of the bombing of Guernica by German and Italian air forces during the Spanish Civil War.

Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his early years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood and adolescence. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, and ideas. After 1906, the Fauvist work of the slightly older artist Henri Matisse motivated Picasso to explore more radical styles, beginning a fruitful rivalry between the two artists, who subsequently were often paired by critics as the leaders of modern art.^{[10][11][12][13]}

Picasso's work is often categorized into periods. While the names of many of his later periods are debated, the most commonly accepted periods in his work are the Blue Period (1901–1904), the Rose Period (1904–1906), the African-influenced Period (1907–1909), Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919), also referred to as the Crystal period. Much of Picasso's work of the late 1910s and early 1920s is in a neoclassical style, and his work in the mid-1920s often has characteristics of Surrealism. His later work often combines elements of his earlier styles.

Exceptionally prolific throughout the course of his long life, Picasso achieved universal renown and immense fortune for his revolutionary artistic accomplishments, and became one of the best-known figures in 20th-century art.

Early lifePicasso with his sister Lola, 1889

Picasso was born at 23:15 on 25 October 1881, in the city of Málaga, Andalusia, in southern Spain.^[2] He was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco (1838–1913) and María Picasso y López.^[14] Picasso's family was of middle-class background. His father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life, Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts and a curator of a local museum.^[1] Ruiz's ancestors were minor aristocrats.

Picasso's birth certificate and the record of his baptism include very long names, combining those of various saints and relatives.^[a][c] Ruiz y Picasso were his paternal and maternal surnames, respectively, per Spanish custom. The surname "Picasso" comes from Liguria, a coastal region of north-western Italy; its capital is Genoa.^[16] There was a painter from the area named Matteo Picasso [it] (1794–1879), born in Recco (Genoa), of late neoclassical style portraiture,^[16] though investigations have not definitively determined his kinship with the branch of ancestors related to Pablo Picasso. The direct branch from Sori, Liguria (Genoa), can be traced back to Tommaso Picasso (1728–1813). His son Giovanni Battista, married to Isabella Musante, was Pablo's great-great-grandfather. Of this marriage was born Tommaso (Sori, 1787–Málaga, 1851). Pablo's maternal great-grandfather, Tommaso Picasso moved to Spain around 1807.^[16]

Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were "piz, piz", a shortening of lápiz, the Spanish word for "pencil".^[17] From the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz was a traditional academic artist and instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters, and drawing the human body from plaster casts and live models. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork.

The family moved to A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. They stayed almost four years. On one occasion, the father found his son painting over his unfinished sketch of a pigeon. Observing the precision of his son's technique, an apocryphal story relates, Ruiz felt that the thirteen-year-old Picasso had surpassed him, and vowed to give up painting,^[18] though paintings by him exist from later years.

In 1895, Picasso was traumatized when his seven-year-old sister, Conchita, died of diphtheria.^[19] After her death, the family moved to Barcelona, where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home.^[20] Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, and the jury admitted him, at just 13. As a student, Picasso lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented a small room for him close to home so he could work alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day, judging his drawings. The two argued frequently.^[21]

Picasso's father and uncle decided to send the young artist to Madrid's Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, the country's foremost art school.^[20] At age 16, Picasso set off for the first time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and stopped attending classes soon after enrollment. Madrid held many other attractions. The Prado housed paintings by Diego Velázquez, Francisco Goya, and Francisco Zurbarán. Picasso especially admired the works of El Greco; elements such as his elongated limbs, arresting colours, and mystical visages are echoed in Picasso's later work.^[22]

CareerBefore 1900Picasso in 1904. Photograph by Ricard Canals.

Picasso's training under his father began before 1890. His progress can be traced in the collection of early works now held by the Museu Picasso in Barcelona, which provides one of the most comprehensive records extant of any major artist's beginnings.^[23] During 1893 the juvenile quality of his earliest work falls away, and by 1894 his career as a painter can be said to have begun.^[24] The academic realism apparent in the works of the mid-1890s is well displayed in The First Communion (1896), a large composition that depicts his sister, Lola. In the same year, at the age of 14, he painted Portrait of Aunt Pepa, a vigorous and dramatic portrait that Juan-Eduardo Cirlot has called "without a doubt one of the greatest in the whole history of Spanish painting."^[25]

In 1897, his realism began to show a Symbolist influence, for example, in a series of landscape paintings rendered in non-naturalistic violet and green tones. What some call his Modernist period (1899–1900) followed. His exposure to the work of Rossetti, Steinlen, Toulouse-Lautrec and Edvard Munch, combined with his admiration for favourite old masters such as El Greco, led Picasso to a personal version of modernism in his works of this period.^[26]

Picasso made his first trip to Paris, then the art capital of Europe, in 1900. There, he met his first Parisian friend, journalist and poet Max Jacob, who helped Picasso learn the language and its literature. Soon they shared an apartment; Max slept at night while Picasso slept during the day and worked at night. These were times of severe poverty, cold, and desperation. Much of his work was burned to keep the small room warm. During the first five months of 1901, Picasso lived in Madrid, where he and his anarchist friend Francisco de Asís Soler founded the magazine Arte Joven (Young Art), which published five issues. Soler solicited articles and Picasso illustrated the journal, mostly contributing grim cartoons depicting and sympathizing with the state of the poor. The first issue was published on 31 March 1901, by which time the artist had started to sign his work Picasso.^[27] From 1898 he signed his works as "Pablo Ruiz Picasso", then as "Pablo R. Picasso" until 1901. The change does not seem to imply a rejection of the father figure. Rather, he wanted to distinguish himself from others; initiated by his Catalan friends who habitually called him by his maternal surname, much less current than the paternal Ruiz.^[28]

Blue Period: 1901–1904Further information: Picasso's Blue PeriodLa Vie (1903), Cleveland Museum of ArtThe Old Guitarist (1903), Art Institute of Chicago

Picasso's Blue Period (1901–1904), characterized by sombre paintings rendered in shades of blue and blue-green only occasionally warmed by other colours, began either in Spain in early 1901 or in Paris in the second half of the year.^[29] Many paintings of gaunt mothers with children date from the Blue Period, during which Picasso divided his time between Barcelona and Paris. In his austere use of colour and sometimes doleful subject matter—prostitutes and beggars are frequent subjects—Picasso was influenced by a trip through Spain and by the suicide of his friend Carles Casagemas. Starting in autumn of 1901, he painted several posthumous portraits of Casagemas culminating in the gloomy allegorical painting La Vie (1903), now in the Cleveland Museum of Art.^[30]

The same mood pervades the well-known etching The Frugal Repast (1904),^[31] which depicts a blind man and a sighted woman, both emaciated, seated at a nearly bare table. Blindness, a recurrent theme in Picasso's works of this period, is also represented in The Blindman's Meal (1903, the Metropolitan Museum of Art) and in the portrait of Celestina (1903). Other Blue Period works include Portrait of Soler and Portrait of Suzanne Bloch.

Rose Period: 1904–1906Further information: Picasso's Rose PeriodPablo Picasso, 1905, Au Lapin Agile (At the Lapin Agile) (Arlequin tenant un verre), oil on canvas, 99.1 × 100.3 cm, Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Rose Period (1904–1906)^[32] is characterised by a lighter tone and style utilising orange and pink colours and featuring many circus people, acrobats and harlequins known in France as saltimbanques. The harlequin, a comedic character usually depicted in checkered patterned clothing, became a personal symbol for Picasso. Picasso met Fernande Olivier, a bohemian artist who became his mistress, in Paris in 1904.^[19] Olivier appears in many of his Rose Period paintings, many of which are influenced by his warm relationship with her, in addition to his increased exposure to French painting. The generally upbeat and optimistic mood of paintings in this period is reminiscent of the 1899–1901 period (i.e., just prior to the Blue Period), and 1904 can be considered a transition year between the two periods.

Portrait of Gertrude Stein, 1906, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. When someone commented that Stein did not look like her portrait, Picasso replied, "She will".^[33]

By 1905, Picasso became a favourite of American art collectors Leo and Gertrude Stein. Their older brother Michael Stein and his wife Sarah also became collectors of his work. Picasso painted a portrait of Gertrude Stein and one of her nephew Allan Stein. Gertrude Stein became Picasso's principal patron, acquiring his drawings and paintings and exhibiting them in her informal Salon at her home in Paris.^[34] At one of her gatherings in 1905, he met Henri Matisse, who was to become a lifelong friend and rival. The Steins introduced him to Claribel Cone and her sister Etta, who were American art collectors; they also began to acquire Picasso's and Matisse's paintings. Eventually Leo Stein moved to Italy. Michael and Sarah Stein became patrons of Matisse, while Gertrude Stein continued to collect Picassos.^[35]

In 1907, Picasso joined an art gallery that had recently been opened in Paris by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, a German art historian and art collector who became one of the premier French art dealers of the 20th century. He was among the first champions of Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and the Cubism that they jointly developed. Kahnweiler promoted burgeoning artists such as André Derain, Kees van Dongen, Fernand Léger, Juan Gris, Maurice de Vlaminck and several others who had come from all over the globe to live and work in Montparnasse at the time.^[36]

African art and primitivism: 1907–1909Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), Museum of Modern Art, New YorkSee also: Picasso's African Period and Proto-Cubism

Picasso's African-influenced Period (1907–1909) begins with his painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. The three figures on the left were inspired by Iberian sculpture, but he repainted the faces of the two figures on the right after being powerfully impressed by African artefacts he saw in June 1907 in the ethnographic museum at Palais du Trocadéro.^[37] When he displayed the painting to acquaintances in his studio later that year, the nearly universal reaction was shock and revulsion; Matisse angrily dismissed the work as a hoax.^[38] Picasso did not exhibit Les Demoiselles publicly until 1916.

Other works from this period include Nude with Raised Arms (1907) and Three Women (1908). Formal ideas developed during this period lead directly into the Cubist period that follows.

Analytic cubism: 1909–1912

Analytic cubism (1909–1912) is a style of painting Picasso developed with Georges Braque using monochrome brownish and neutral colours. Both artists took apart objects and "analyzed" them in terms of their shapes. Picasso and Braque's paintings at this time share many similarities.

In Paris, Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of friends in the Montmartre and Montparnasse quarters, including André Breton, poet Guillaume Apollinaire, writer Alfred Jarry and Gertrude Stein. In 1911, Picasso was arrested and questioned about the theft of the Mona Lisa from the Louvre. Suspicion for the crime had initially fallen upon Apollinaire due to his links to Géry Pieret, an artist with a history of thefts from the gallery. Apollinaire in turn implicated his close friend Picasso, who had also purchased stolen artworks from the artist in the past. Afraid of a conviction that could result in his deportation to Spain, Picasso denied having ever met Apollinaire. Both were later cleared of any involvement in the painting's disappearance.^[39][40]

Synthetic cubism: 1912–1919Main article: Crystal CubismPicasso in front of his painting The Aficionado (Kunstmuseum Basel) at Villa les Clochettes, summer 1912

Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) was a further development of the genre of cubism, in which cut paper fragments – often wallpaper or portions of newspaper pages – were pasted into compositions, marking the first use of collage in fine art.

Between 1915 and 1917, Picasso began a series of paintings depicting highly geometric and minimalist Cubist objects, consisting of either a pipe, a guitar or a glass, with an occasional element of collage. "Hard-edged square-cut diamonds", notes art historian John Richardson, "these gems do not always have upside or downside".^[41][42] "We need a new name to designate them," wrote Picasso to Gertrude Stein. The term "Crystal Cubism" was later used as a result of visual analogies with crystals at the time.^[43][41][44] These "little gems" may have been produced by Picasso in response to critics who had claimed his defection from the movement, through his experimentation with classicism within the so-called return to order following the war.^[41][43]

After acquiring some fame and fortune, Picasso left Olivier for Marcelle Humbert, whom he called Eva Gouel. Picasso included declarations of his love for Eva in many Cubist works. Picasso was devastated by her premature death from illness at the age of 30 in 1915.^[45]

At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Picasso was living in Avignon. Braque and Derain were mobilized and Apollinaire joined the French artillery, while the Spaniard Juan Gris remained from the Cubist circle. During the war, Picasso was able to continue painting uninterrupted, unlike his French comrades. His paintings became more sombre and his life changed with dramatic consequences. Kahnweiler's contract had terminated on his exile from France. At this point Picasso's work would be taken on by the art dealer Léonce Rosenberg. After the loss of Eva Gouel, Picasso had an affair with Gaby Lespinasse. During the spring of 1916, Apollinaire returned from the front wounded. They renewed their friendship, but Picasso began to frequent new social circles.^[46]

Costume design by Pablo Picasso representing skyscrapers and boulevards, for Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes performance of Parade at Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris 18 May 1917Further information: Picasso and the Ballets Russes

Towards the end of World War I, Picasso became involved with Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. Among his friends during this period were Jean Cocteau, Jean Hugo, Juan Gris, and others. In the summer of 1918, Picasso married Olga Khokhlova, a ballerina with Sergei Diaghilev's troupe, for whom Picasso was designing a ballet, Erik Satie's Parade, in Rome; they spent their honeymoon near Biarritz in the villa of glamorous Chilean art patron Eugenia Errázuriz.

After returning from his honeymoon and in need of money, Picasso started his exclusive relationship with the French-Jewish art dealer Paul Rosenberg. As part of his first duties, Rosenberg agreed to rent the couple an apartment in Paris at his own expense, which was located next to his own house. This was the start of a deep brother-like friendship between two very different men, that would last until the outbreak of World War II.

Khokhlova introduced Picasso to high society, formal dinner parties, and other dimensions of the life of the rich in 1920s Paris. The two had a son, Paulo Picasso,^[47] who would grow up to be a motorcycle racer and chauffeur to his father. Khokhlova's insistence on social propriety clashed with Picasso's bohemian tendencies and the two lived in a state of constant conflict. During the same period that Picasso collaborated with Diaghilev's troupe, he and Igor Stravinsky collaborated on Pulcinella in 1920. Picasso took the opportunity to make several drawings of the composer.^[48]

In 1927, Picasso met 17-year-old Marie-Thérèse Walter and began a secret affair with her. Picasso's marriage to Khokhlova soon ended in separation rather than divorce, as French law required an even division of property in the case of divorce, and Picasso did not want Khokhlova to have half his wealth. The two remained legally married until Khokhlova's death in 1955. Picasso carried on a long-standing affair with Marie-Thérèse Walter and fathered a daughter with her, named Maya. Marie-Thérèse lived in the vain hope that Picasso would one day marry her, and hanged herself four years after Picasso's death. 

tạm dịch 

tìm kiếm redirect "Picasso" ở đây. Đối với các mục đích sử dụng khác, xem Picasso (định hướng) Trong tên tiếng Tây Ban Nha này, đầu tiên hoặc nội dung của họ là Ruiz và họ thứ hai hoặc họ ngoại là Picasso.Pablo PicassoPicasso năm 1908BornPablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso [1]
25 tháng 10 năm 1881
Málaga, Tây Ban Nha Ngày 8 tháng 4 năm 1973 (91 tuổi)
Mougins, Pháp Địa điểm dự thi Lâu đài Vauvenargues
43,554142 ° N 5,604438 ° ENationalityTên Tây Ban NhaGiáo dục

José Ruiz y Blasco (cha)
Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando

Được biết đến với sơn, vẽ, điêu khắc, in ấn, gốm sứ, thiết kế sân khấu, viết lách

La Vie (1903)
Gia đình Saltimbanques (1905)
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907)
Chân dung Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (1910)
Cô gái trước gương (1932)
Le Rêve (1932)
Guernica (1937)
Người đàn bà khóc (1937)
Sát sát ở Hàn Quốc (1951)

Trào lưu Chủ nghĩa nữ, Chủ nghĩa siêu thực (Các) người yêu Olga Khokhlova (m. 1918; mất 1955) Jacqueline Roque (m. 1961) Đối tác

Marie-Thérèse Walter (1927–1935)
Dora Maar (1935–1943)
Françoise Gilot (1943–1953)

Trẻ nhỏ

Paulo Picasso (1921-1975)
Maya Widmaier-Picasso (sinh năm 1935)
Claude Picasso (sinh năm 1947)
Paloma Picasso (1949)

Gia đình

Marina Picasso (sinh năm 1950, cháu gái)
Bernard Ruiz-Picasso (SN.1959, cháu trai)

Sergei Shchukin

Pablo Ruiz Picasso [a] [b] (25 tháng 10 năm 1881 - 8 tháng 4 năm 1973) là một họa sĩ, nhà điêu khắc, thợ chạm, thợ gốm và nhà thiết kế sân khấu Tây Ban Nha, người dành Trưởng cuộc đời phần lớn của mình ở Pháp. Được coi là một trong những nghệ sĩ có ảnh hưởng nhất của thế kỷ 20, ông được biết đến với đồng sáng lập Phong trào Lập thể, phát minh ra tác phẩm điêu khắc xây dựng, [8] [9] đồng sáng chế cắt dán và nhiều phong cách mà anh ấy đã giúp phát triển và khám phá. Trong số các tác phẩm nổi tiếng nhất của ông là Les Demoiselles d'Avignon ủng hộ chủ nghĩa Cuba (1907) và Guernica (1937), miêu tả kịch tính về vụ ném bom Guernica của không quân Đức và Ý trong Nội chiến Tây Ban nha.

Picasso đã thể hiện tài năng nghệ thuật thường trong những năm tháng đầu đời của mình, vẽ tranh một cách tự nhiên trong thời thơ ấu và thời thiếu niên của mình. Trong thập kỷ đầu tiên của thế kỷ 20, phong cách của ông thay đổi khi ông thử nghiệm các lý thuyết, kỹ thuật và các ý tưởng khác nhau. Sau năm 1906, tác phẩm Fauvist của họa sĩ lớn tuổi hơn một chút Henri Matisse đã thúc đẩy Picasso khám phá những phong cách cấp cao hơn, bắt đầu sự cạnh tranh mạnh mẽ giữa hai nghệ sĩ, những người sau đó thường được các nhà phê duyệt ghép nối là những nhà lãnh đạo của nghệ thuật hiện đại. [10] [11] [12] [13]

Tác phẩm của Picasso thường được phân loại thành các thời kỳ. Trong khi tên của nhiều đoạn sau của ông còn được tranh luận, các đoạn thường được chấp nhận nhất trong tác phẩm của ông là Thời kỳ Xanh (1901–1904), Thời kỳ Hoa hồng (1904–1906), Thời kỳ chịu ảnh hưởng của châu Phi (1907–1909), Chủ nghĩa Lập thể Phân tích (1909–1912) và Chủ nghĩa Lập thể Tổng hợp (1912–1919), được gọi là thời kỳ Pha lê. Phần lớn tác phẩm của Picasso cuối năm 1910 và đầu năm 1920 theo phong cách tân cổ điển, và tác phẩm của ông vào giữa những năm 1920 thường mang đặc điểm của trường phái Siêu thực. Tác phẩm này của anh ấy thường kết hợp các yếu tố của phong cách trước đó của anh ấy.

Sung mãn đặc biệt trong suốt thời gian dài của mình, Picasso đã đạt được danh sách toàn cầu và tài sản không ngừng hoạt động cho những người làm công việc mang tính cách mạng của mình và trở thành một trong những nhân vật nổi tiếng nhất nghệ thuật thế kỷ 20.




Picasso đầu tiên với chị gái Lola, 1889

Picasso sinh lúc 23:15 ngày 25 tháng 10 năm 1881, tại thành phố Málaga, Andalusia, miền nam Tây Ban Nha. [2] Ông là người đứng đầu trong lòng Don José Ruiz y Blasco (1838–1913) và María Picasso y López. [14] Gia đình của Picasso thuộc tầng trung lưu. Cha của anh là một họa sĩ chuyên vẽ các bức tranh thiên nhiên về các loài chim và các trò chơi khác nhau. Trong cuộc đời lớn của mình, Ruiz là giáo sư nghệ thuật tại Trường Thủ công và là giám sát tuyển sinh của một bảo tàng địa phương. [1] Tổ tiên của Ruiz là quý tộc nhỏ.

Giấy khai sinh của Picasso và hồ sơ về lễ rửa tội của ông bao gồm những cái tên rất dài, kết hợp tên của nhiều vị thánh và họ hàng khác nhau. [A] [c] Ruiz y Picasso lần lượt là họ nội và họ ngoại của ông, theo phong tục Tây Ban Nha. Họ "Picasso" đến từ Liguria, một vùng duyên hải phía bắc nước Ý; đô la của nó là Genoa. [16] Có một họa sĩ từ vùng này tên là Matteo Picasso [nó] (1794–1879), sinh ra ở Recco (Genoa), vẽ chân dung theo phong cách tân cổ điển, [16] mặc định các cuộc chiến tra undefined hệ thống mối quan hệ của ông với các tổ chức liên quan đầu tiên đến Pablo Picasso. Chi nhánh trực tiếp từ Sori, Liguria (Genoa), có thể bắt nguồn từ Tommaso Picasso (1728–1813). Con trai ông, Giovanni Battista, kết hôn với Isabella Musante, là ông cố của Pabl