Australia was settled by Europeans in 1788, mainly to home criminals, but with few independent farmers and businessmen. The settlements were not wealthy, and there was little help available to them in need: the poor, the unemploy, the aged. To begin with, what little help availably came in the form of charity: donations of money, accommodation, or medical treatment to selected needy. A second approach that began to emerge in the last nineteenth century was that of "universalism". It stresses that all people in the society should be entitle to certain benefits up to a minimum level and across a restricted range of services. This approach was eventually used to arguing for the introduction of a pension for the aged poor. TIM LOI SAI VA SUA LAI