`a)`

`**` Công thức:

- Although/ Though/ Even though + S + V, S + V.

= Despite/ In spite of + N/ N phrase/ V-ing, S + V

= Despite/ In spite of + the fact that + S + V, S + V.

= S + V, but + S + V,

= However/ No matter how + adj/ adv + S + V, S + V.

= Adj/ Adv + as/ though + S + V, S + V

`---------`

`=` Despite being strong, I'm not afraid of him.

- Câu trên sử dụng V-ing.

`=` In spite of his strength, I'm not afraid of him.

- Sử dụng danh từ ; strong (adj.) khoẻ `->` strength (n.) sức mạnh.

`=` He is strong, but I'm not afraid of him.

`=` However strong he is, I'm not afraid of him.

`=` No matter how strong he is, I'm not afraid of him.

`=` Strong as he is, I'm not afraid of him.

`b)`

`**` Công thức:

- S + V (nguyên nhân), so + S + V (kết quả): vì vậy, nên

= Because/ As/ Since + S + V (nguyên nhân), S + V (kết quả): vì, bởi vì

= Because of/ Due to + N/ N phrase/ V-ing, S + V

= S + V (nguyên nhân). Therefore, S + V (kết quả): vì vậy

`-------`

`=` Because the water is very polluted, I can't drink it.

`=` Because of the polluted water, I can't drink it.

- Câu trên dùng N phrase (cụm danh từ)

`=` The water is very polluted. Therefore, I can't drink it.

`=` The water is too polluted for me to drink.

`**` S + to be + too + adj + (for O) + to V: quá thế nào (với ai) để làm gì

`=` The water isn't clean enough for me to drink.

`**` S + to be + not + enough + adj + (for O) + to V: không đủ thế nào (với ai) để làm gì

`=` The water is so pullted that I can't drink it.

`**` S + to be + so + adj + than + S + V: quá ... đến nỗi mà ...