`II`.

`1`. Dorothy watered the flowers two minutes ago.

`-` two minutes ago: dấu hiệu thì QKĐ

`-` Câu khẳng định ( thì QKĐ): S+ Ved/ V2

`2`. We haven't got ready for the party yet.

`-` yet: dấu hiệu thì HTHT, dùng trong câu phủ định ( thường đứng cuối câu)

`-` Câu phủ định ( thì HTHT): S+ have/ has+ not+ Vpp

`3`. She did the washing up an hour ago.

`-` an hour ago: dấu hiệu thì QKĐ

`4`. Did you visit an orphanage last year?

`-` last year: dấu hiệu thì QKĐ

`-` Câu nghi vấn ( thì QKĐ): Did+ S+ V+...?

`5`. Uncle Tom have already taken me to the school.

`-` already: dấu hiệu thì HTHT

`6`. Did you put on your jacket in the morning?

`-` in the morning: dấu hiệu thì QKĐ

`7`. Susan has never spent her summer in Italy.

`-` never: dấu hiệu thì HTHT ( never mang nghĩa phủ định)

`- ` Câu khẳng định ( thì HTHT): S+ have/ has+ Vpp

`8`. The children haven't returned back from the school yet.

`-` giải thích giống câu `2`

`IV`.

`1`. She has lived in Hanoi for `2` years.

`-` Cấu trúc: S+ started/ began+ to V/ Ving+...+ khoảng TG- ago/ when- SVO

`≈` S+ have/ has+ Vpp+...+ for- khoảng TG/ since- SVO

`2`. He has studied English since he was young.

`3`. This is the first time I have eaten this kind of food.

`-` Cấu trúc: S+ have/ has+ never+ Vpp+...+ before 

`≈` This is the first time+ S+ have/ has+ Vpp+...

`4`. She is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.

`-` Cấu trúc: S1+ be+ the+ so sánh nhất+ N+ S2+ have/ has+ ever+ Vpp

`5`. I have never read this kind of novel before.

`-` giải thích giống câu `3`