-earthquake

-An earthquake or seismic is the vibration on the Earth's surface as a result of the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust and the generation of seismic waves. The seismic activity of an area is the frequency, type, and size of an earthquake experienced over a period of time

-When the stress is higher than the physical strength of the Earth, a fault occurs, releases energy and an earthquake occurs. Almost all natural earthquake events occurring at the boundary of the tectonic plates are part of the Earth's lithosphere.

  Earthquakes often occur in volcanic regions and are caused there, both by tectonic faults and by magma movement in volcanoes. Such earthquakes can serve as an early warning of volcanic eruptions

-The direct impact of an earthquake is the roll of the ground, often causing the most damage. These vibrations have a large amplitude, exceed the elastic limit of the soil or rock environment and cause cracking. Secondary impacts of earthquakes are agitation of landslides, avalanches, tsunamis, tidal water, and dyke breakage

-Some people have their homes restored and repaired; Some get help with other things like money, food, shelter, ...

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- Type of natural disaster and example :

* Geophysical ( vật lý )

+ Earthquake

+ Volcano

+ Landslide

+ Rockfall

* Biological ( sinh học )

+ Pandemic ( such as Covid - 19,... )

+ Infectious diseases

* Meteorological ( khí tượng )

+ Hurricane ( form over the North Atlantic Ocean and Northeast Pacific ) / Cyclones ( form over the South Pacific and Indian Ocean ) / Typhoons ( form over the Northwest Pacific Ocean )

* Hydrological ( thủy văn )

+ Tsunami

+ Flood

+ Hailstorm

* Climatological ( khí hậu )

+ Heat wave

+ Cold wave

+ Drought

* Natural disaster by mankind

+ Oil spill

+ Forest fire

...

- These disaster occur when and at :

* Geological 

+ Many of these kinds of disasters have similar signs that they are about to occur, such as shaking and unstable ground.

+ They are disasters that are brought about by tectonic and seismic activity below the Earth's surface

* Biological 

- Caused by an enormous spread of a certain kind of living organism – that may the spread a disease, virus, or an epidemic

+ Can be natural, accidental, or intentional

+ Occur in any region or population

* Meteorological

+ Caused by extreme weather such as rain, drought, snow, extreme heat or cold, ice, or wind

+ Violent, sudden and damaging alteration in the atmosphere associated with, created by, or touching the earth's atmosphere, particularly the weather-forming processes. ( Sự thay đổi dữ dội, đột ngột và có hại trong bầu khí quyển hoặc chạm vào bầu khí quyển của trái đất, đặc biệt là các quá trình hình thành thời tiết )

* Climatological 

+ Are agents of disaster that caused by the change of the weather

+ With increasing global surface temperatures the possibility of more droughts and increased intensity of storms will likely occur. As more water vapor is evaporated into the atmosphere it becomes fuel for more powerful storms to develop. ( Với sự gia tăng nhiệt độ bề mặt toàn cầu, khả năng xảy ra nhiều hạn hán hơn và cường độ các cơn bão sẽ tăng lên. Khi càng nhiều hơi nước bốc hơi vào khí quyển, nó sẽ trở thành nhiên liệu cho các cơn bão mạnh hơn phát triển )

* Mankind disaster

+ Caused by the carelessness of humanity

+ Occur in every corner on the Earth

- Effect of these disaster :

* Geological

+ They can cause large scale loss of life and property and disrupts essential services such as water supply, sewerage systems, communication and power, transport, etc.

* Biological 

+ Can lead to diseases, illness, disability, loss of life, starvation, increased poverty, socioeconomic disruptions, and environmental degradation.

* Meteorological

+ Climate change has affected the local agricultural oasis ecosystem and the yield and quality of crops , leading to increased instability in agricultural production. 

+ Can destroy the facility of the town, city, etc.

* Climatological

+ Climate change’s effects on natural disasters can be expected to induce a rise in humanitarian crises. In addition, it will surely impact the population’s long-term general health, especially among the most fragile. ( Tác động của biến đổi khí hậu đối với thiên tai có thể gây ra sự gia tăng các cuộc khủng hoảng nhân đạo. Ngoài ra, nó chắc chắn sẽ ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe chung lâu dài của dân số, đặc biệt là những người yếu ớt )

* Mankind disaster 

+ Destroy the ecological system and environment due to poison, pollutants,...

- So far, the victims have been helped by :

+ Map and avoid high-risk zones

+ Build hazard-resistant structures and houses

+ Protect and develop hazard buffers (forests, reefs, etc.)

+ Develop culture of prevention and resilience

+ Improve early warning and response systems

+ Build institutions, and development policies and plans

+ Raise funds 

+ Organize a school fundraiser

+ Donate clothes, food, or other items