IX. Read the following passage and choose the best answer among A, B, C, or D. (10 pts) The development of so-called keyhole surgery means that the surgeon's knife may soon disappear altogether as it is replaced by miniature cameras, microscopic scissors and staplers. Instead of making long cuts in the patient's body, surgeons look at the site through an "endoscope", or operating telescope. This is passed into the body through a small hole that will barely leave a scar. As long as the operation is carried out skillfully by an experienced surgeon, keyhole surger; damages the patient far less than a conventional operation. "Minimal access surgery is a rea! breakthrough," says Alf Cuschieri, a leading endoscopic surgeon. "I wish we'd developed it years ago.Not only does it reduce the trauma to the patient – it also means that we no longer have to make major incisions to perform major operations." The viewing technology that allows doctors to see what is happening deep inside the human body has been borrowed from the aerospace industry. Although in the 1960s flexible scopes are developed by technicians in order to check engine interiors without them having to be taken apart, today's endoscopes are not just simple tubes you can see through; they are equipped with very small television cameras. An image of the operation - magnified eight times – is transmitted by the camera onto a strategically placed TV screen. Doctors and nurses needn't crowd round to look into the wound. Instead, they keep their eyes on the screen with straight backs and plenty of elbow room. As surgeons cannot work in the dark, light is beamed into the area of the body being operated on through optical fibres - stands of special glass, each as thin as a human hair, through which light travels. Keyhole surgeons hope that miniaturization will make it possible for patients to have their operations performed by robots small enough to crawl through the patient's body. Despite the fact that, until now, even the smallest robots have been too large to be exploited in endoscopic surgery, in Massachusetts the Institute of Technology's Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory is working on ever-smaller miniature and microrobots. These robots could be used for filming, taking biopsy specimens or on-the-post analysis. One of the most exciting future developments involves telesurgery, where doctors will operate by remote control. This means that a patient can be operated on by two surgeons who are hundreds of kilometers away from each other- and from the patient. Some believe that such techniques will have been perfected in the next ten years or so. 1. What is the main topic of the passage? A. How to operate an endoscope B. Different uses of optical fibres C. Robots used in medicine in the future D. How surgery can benefit from new technology 2. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage? A. Miniature camera B. Stapler C Endoscope D. A human hair 3. What does the word "conventional" mean? A. early. B. Stapler. C. Endoscope.D. A human hair 4. According to the passage, which statement is true? A. Keyhole surgery cannot be used in major operations. B Keyhole surgeons have to keep straight backs and should not enjoy plenty of elbowroom. C. The smallest robots have long been exploited in endoscopic surgery. D.The viewing technology that endoscopic doctors are making use of has been borrowed from the aerospace industry. 5. According to the passage, Alf Cuschieri A. is the father of keyhole surgery B wished that endoscopic surgery had been developed earlier C. is a leading technician in telesurgery D. is experimenting with microrobots operated by remote control 6. What was the main use of flexible scopes in the 1960s? A. to check the inside of an engine E. to see what is happening deep inside the human body C. to film, take biopsy specimens or on-the-spot analysis D. to transmit images onto a strategically placed TV screen 7. Compared to the original inmage, how large is the image of the operation transmitted by the camera onto a strategically placed TV screen? A. eight times reduced. C. the same B eight times enlarged D. as many times at will 8. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about optical fibres? A. they are strands of special glass B. they are equipped with television cameras C. they are as thin as a human hair D. they can carry light into an area of the body 9. Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED as one of the advantages of keyhole surgery? A. rarely leaving a scar B. making smaller incisions to perform major operations C.allowing surgeons to work in the dark D. damaging the patient far less 10. What can we expect for future surgery? A. Surgery will be carried out by microrobots only. B. Two patients can be operated at the same time. C. The surgeon can operate on a patient from a distance. D.Keyhole surgery will become successful.